Evaluation of soil quality following phosphate fertilization on leguminous crops in the Mitidja region, Algeria

Agrarian Academic Journal

agrariacad.com

doi: 10.32406/v7n2/2024/47-59/agrariacad

 

Evaluation of soil quality following phosphate fertilization on leguminous crops in the Mitidja region, Algeria. Avaliação da qualidade do solo após a fertilização fosfatada em culturas leguminosas na região de Mitidja, Argélia.

 

Salah Hadjout^1,2*, Mohamed Zouidi¹

 

^1*- Centre de Recherche en Aménagement du Territoire (CRAT), Campus Zouaghi Slimane, Route de Ain el Bey, 25000, Constantine, Algérie. Corresponding author. E-mail: hadjout.salah@gmail.com

^2- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSA), Avenue Hassane Badi, El-Harrach, 16200 Alger, Algérie.

 

Abstract

 

The present research proposes an assessment of soil quality in the Mitidja region of Algeria, focusing on the application of phosphate fertilization on legume crops. The study aims to analyze the physico-chemical properties of the soil before and after the cultivation of broad bean (Vicia faba L.), using different phosphate fertilization methods. Parameters assessed include levels of total nitrogen (N), assimilable phosphorus (P), and exchangeable potassium (K) in the soil. A randomized complete block design with four replications was chosen in our experiment. The specific quantities of phosphate fertilizer applied to each elementary plot were: T₀ (control) without adding phosphate fertilizer, T₁ with 60 units of P₂O₅/ha of super triple phosphate (TSP) applied to the soil before sowing, T₂ with 5 l/ha of “Agriphos” type foliar fertilizer applied in two fractions, and T₃ with a combined treatment of T₁ and T₂. Results showed that soil nitrogen levels were almost similar between treatments, while phosphorus amendment had variable effects on soil assimilable available phosphorus. The combined treatment showed a slight increase in soil exchangeable potassium content. This study provides crucial information for improving crop management and optimizing phosphate fertilization practices in the Mitidja region, a part of the Mediterranean region. The results are relevant for understanding the physico-chemical characteristics of agricultural soils in Algeria.

Keywords: Phosphorus amendment. Physico-chemical characteristics. Agricultural soil. Fava bean. Mediterranean region.

 

 

Resumo

 

A presente investigação propõe uma avaliação da qualidade do solo na região de Mitidja, na Argélia, centrada na aplicação de fertilização fosfatada em culturas de leguminosas. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar as propriedades físico-químicas do solo antes e depois da cultura da fava (Vicia faba L.), utilizando diferentes métodos de fertilização fosfatada. Os parâmetros avaliados incluem os teores de nitrogênio total (N), fósforo assimilável (P) e potássio trocável (K) no solo. Optou-se por um delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. As quantidades específicas de fertilizante fosfatado aplicadas em cada parcela elementar foram: T₀ (controlo) sem adição de fertilizante fosfatado, T1 com 60 unidades de P₂O₅/ha de superfosfato triplo (TSP) aplicado ao solo antes da sementeira, T₂ com 5 l/ha de fertilizante foliar tipo “Agriphos” aplicado em duas fracções, e T₃ com um tratamento combinado de T₁ e T₂. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis de azoto no solo eram quase semelhantes entre os tratamentos, enquanto a alteração do fósforo teve efeitos variáveis no fósforo disponível assimilável no solo. O tratamento combinado registou um ligeiro aumento do teor de potássio permutável no solo. Este estudo fornece informações cruciais para melhorar a gestão das culturas e otimizar as práticas de fertilização fosfatada na região de Mitidja, uma parte da região mediterrânica. Os resultados são relevantes para a compreensão das características físico-químicas dos solos agrícolas na Argélia.

Palavras-chave: Alteração de fósforo. Características físico-químicas. Solo agrícola. Fava. Região mediterrânica.

 

 

Introduction

 

The ever-increasing global population places increasing pressure on agricultural systems to produce higher yields to meet ever-expanding food needs (SHARMA, 2017; JÄGERMEYR, 2020). In this context, soil fertility plays a key role in agricultural production (YADAV et al., 2021; JAVED et al., 2022). The Mitidja region, located in Algeria, is a rich and vital agricultural ecosystem that contributes significantly to the country’s food supply (SOUKKOU and BOUZIANE, 2021; MESSAOUDI et al., 2023). However, intensive exploitation, unsustainable agricultural farming, and lack of attention to soil management have led to problems of soil degradation, limited availability of certain essential nutrients, and declining agricultural yields (SHAH and WU, 2019; HOSSAIN et al., 2020).

From this perspective, phosphate fertilization is a common agricultural practice aimed at improving the availability of essential nutrients in the soil, thus promoting crop growth and development (KHAN et al., 2023; SZOŁDROWSKA and SMOL, 2023). However, the effectiveness of this practice can vary depending on the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil and the type of crop studied (GOU et al., 2020; WU et al., 2020). Some soils may have adequate levels of naturally occurring phosphorus, making additional inputs unnecessary or even undesirable (BATTISTI et al., 2023; VAN DOORN et al., 2023). Other soils may be phosphorus-deficient, requiring appropriate fertilization to achieve optimum yields (ADNAN et al., 2022; HAYNES and NAIDU, 2024). Similarly, some crops may be more phosphorus-demanding than others, requiring an individualized approach to phosphate fertilization to maximize its effectiveness and optimize crop yields (HUSSAIN et al., 2021; WANG et al., 2023).

Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is a legume grown in almost all regions of the world, attracting particular interest due to its economic value as a source of protein, its essential role in subsistence farming systems, and its potential to improve agricultural biodiversity (ZONG et al., 2019; L’HOCINE et al., 2020). However, to achieve optimal yield and crop quality, adequate nutrient inputs, particularly phosphorus, are essential (DAOUI et al., 2012; MAKOUDI et al., 2018). As a legume, fava beans can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil, making it a beneficial crop for soil health and for other crops in rotation (JENSEN et al., 2010; ZOUIDI et al., 2023). Thus, wise management of phosphate fertilizers is crucial to maximize the economic and environmental benefits of bean cultivation, while ensuring high yields in many regions of the world (PAPAKALOUDIS and DORDAS, 2023).

To improve our understanding of the effects of phosphate fertilization on soil properties in the Mitidja region, we undertook this in-depth comparative study. This research is of vital importance for more sustainable and productive agriculture in the Mitidja region and could serve as a basis for practical recommendations aimed at promoting responsible use of natural resources while meeting current food security challenges. The main objective of this research is to analyze changes in soil physico-chemical characteristics, following the application of different phosphate fertilization methods in an experimental plot dedicated to the cultivation of fava beans.

 

Material and methods

 

Soil conditions

Knowledge of the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil is very important for studying plant behavior, particularly in leguminous crops. Our study focuses specifically on determining the content of major elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in the soil, with emphasis on phosphorus. To achieve this objective, a series of physico-chemical analyses were carried out in the laboratory. Details of the analysis parameters as well as methods used are summarized in Table 1. Soil samples were taken with an auger to a depth of approximately 20 cm after soil tillage. Two diagonals were drawn on which five samples were collected (four at the corners and one in the center of the plot). These samples were mixed to form a single representative sample, which was then dried in an oven for 24 hours, sieved to 2 mm and 0.2 mm.

 

Table 1 – Physico-chemical analyses of experimental site soil.

Analysis parameters		Symbol	Unit	Method
Granulometry	Clay	C	%	Robinson pipette
	Fine Silt	FS	%
	Coarse Silt	CS	%
	Fine Sand	FS	%
	Coarse Sand	CS	%
Total limestone		CaCo3	%	BERNARD calcimeter
pH	pH- Water	pH	/	pH meter
	pH-KCL
Total Nitrogen		N	%	Kjeldhal method
Assimilable Phosphorus		P2O5	ppm	Joret-Hébert Method
Exchangeable potassium		K2O	ppm	Flame photometer
Salinity		CE	mmoh/cm	Conductimeter
Organic Carbon		C	%	Oxidation in ambient environment
Organic Matter		OM	%	ANNE Method
C/N Ration		C/N	/	/

 

Plant Material

The plant material used in the trial is the faba bean variety (Vicia faba L.) named “HISTAL”. This variety is of Spanish origin and was developed uniformly from the population variety Aguadulce, a traditional variety in Spain, known for its robustness and agronomic performance. Spanish breeders have worked to improve this variety by systematically selecting plants with the best characteristics. Thanks to these efforts, HISTAL has inherited Aguadulce’s solid genetic base, while benefiting from new improvements. This rigorous selection has resulted in a homogeneous variety with specific characteristics, such as semi-early maturity (3 to 4 days earlier than Aguadulce), good resistance to cold, and exceptionally long pods (30 to 33 cm long and 3 cm wide) containing 7 to 8 significant-sized kernels. In addition to these attributes, HISTAL has a varietal purity of 98% and a germination rate of 85%, making it a reliable and productive variety. The average dry weight of a hundred kernels is 147 g, testifying to its ability to produce large, high-quality kernels. HISTAL thus combines the qualities inherited from Aguadulce with modern improvements derived from Spanish breeding, offering an optimized solution for bean cultivation in a variety of agricultural conditions.

 

Experimental device

The study focuses on a single factor studied, namely the phosphate fertilization method. The only controlled or random factor is the arrangement of the blocks, due to the slight slope of the experimental field. To experiment, a complete randomized block design with four replications (four blocks) was used (Figure 1). Each block comprises four elementary plots, each corresponding to one of the four phosphate fertilization treatments. The blocks were arranged perpendicular to the gradient induced by the slope of the land, while the elementary plots were elongated in the direction of this gradient. In total, the experiment has 16 elementary plots, each measuring 1.75 m wide by 4.25 m long, or an area of 7.44 m². Blocks and elementary plots were spaced at 1 m intervals. The experimental design is illustrated in Figure 1, providing a better visualization of the trial plan. It was implemented to minimize variations due to the slope of the land, to guarantee reliable and significant results.

 

Figure 1 – Schéma récapitulatif du dispositif experimental.

 

Fertilization

Before setting up the trial, nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium fertilizers were added to each plot. The quantities of fertilizer applied were as follows: 166 units of P₂O₅/ha, 100 units of K₂O/ha, and 40 units of N/ha. These quantities were calculated after a soil analysis aimed at returning the soil to its initial fertility.

After soil correction, the specific quantities of phosphate fertilizers provided for each elementary plot include four treatment methods, namely:

• T₀: No phosphate fertilizer application (control).
• T₁: 60 units of P₂O₅/ha applied to the soil in the form of super triple phosphate at 46 % P (TSP) before sowing.
• T₂: 5 l/ha of “Agriphos” type foliar fertilizer, split into two applications: 2.5 l/ha sprayed at the two- to three-leaf stage of the plant, then 2.5 l/ha applied ten days after the first spray.
• T₃: Combined treatment of T₁ and T₂, i.e., an application of 60 units of P₂O₅/ha in the form of super triple phosphate at 46 % P (TSP) to the soil before sowing, followed by an application of 5 l/ha of “Agriphos” type foliar fertilizer in two applications as described for T₂.

These methods were chosen to optimize soil phosphorus nutrient levels and improve its fertility for healthy bean crop growth.

 

Dosage of major mineral elements (NPK)

To assess this parameter, 80 soil samples were taken from 16 elementary plots on the experimental site, with five samples per plot. Samples were taken to a depth of 20 cm using an auger. The samples were then dried in an oven at a constant temperature of 105 ^°C for 24 hours to remove moisture present in the soil. The dried samples were then sieved to obtain the fine fraction (<2mm). The assay methods used for the analysis were chosen to be consistent with those employed during the initial chemical analysis of the soil before crop establishment. This ensures an appropriate comparison and a better understanding of the evolution of soil properties following the introduction of bean cultivation.

 

Statistical data analysis

Analysis of variance with two classification criteria (blocks and methods) was performed using SAS 9.2 software. Means were compared using the Newman and Keuls test at the 5 % probability threshold (α = 0.05).

 

Results and discussion

 

Soil physico-chemical characteristics before planting beans

The results of the soil physicochemical analyses, and their interpretation, are recorded in Table 2. Various standards were used to interpret the data. The results obtained indicate that the soil has a clay-loam texture, which is consistent with the results obtained by Tsige et al. (2020). pH analysis reveals that the soil at the experimental site is alkaline. As a result, faba beans generally thrive in soils with a pH between 6.5 and 9.0 (HAZELTON and MURPHY, 2016). Thus, high soil alkalinity could be a determining factor in increasing bean grain yield, given that many soils around the world suffer from the problem of acidity (VAN ZWIETEN et al., 2015; FEKADU et al., 2018). Total nitrogen content is 0.12 %, while that of organic carbon is 0.86 %. These figures suggest significant biological activity, favoring efficient decomposition of organic matter, as indicated by a C/N ratio of 7.17. The assessment of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen reserves, based on various land uses, is of crucial importance in the development of improved agricultural management practices (CHEN et al., 2009). However, the soil is low in phosphorus (77.6 ppm) and high in potassium (234 ppm). As a result, legumes can suffer from nitrogen deficiency under phosphorus deficiency (WEISANY et al., 2013). Moreover, phosphorus supply is of major importance in legume cultivation, particularly in the process of symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) (FEKADU et al., 2018). The findings of the study conducted by Tsige et al. (2020), agree with our observations, highlighting that the availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, is limited in this context for bean production. To remedy this situation, we applied phosphate fertilizers before crop planting, to correct soil phosphorus levels. The measure aims to ensure an adequate balance of nutrients, thus promoting optimal growth and development of the crop.

 

Table 2 – Results and interpretation of soil physico-chemical analyses.

Analysis parameters		Content	Norms	Interpretation
Granulometry	Clay	24,36 %	Texture triangle of (HENNI et al.,1969)	Silty-clay soil
	Fine Silt	20,3 %
	Coarse Silt	14,44 %
	Fine Sand	40,9 %
	Coarse Sand	0 %
Total limestone		3 %	2 a 10 %	Soil low in total limestone
pH	pH-Water	7,9	> 7,2: élevé	Alkaline soil
	pH-KCL	6,4
Total Nitrogen		0,12 %	1 a 1,5 %	Soil low in total nitrogen
Assimilable Phosphorus		77,6 ppm	% A. 10 = 243,6 ppm	Soil poor in assimilable phosphorus
Exchangeable potassium		234 ppm	% A .8 = 194,88 ppm	Soil rich in exchangeable potassium
Salinity		0,22 mmoh/cm	0,2 a 0,75 mmoh/cm	Low salinity
Organic Carbon		0,86 %	/	/
Organic Matter		1,48 %	1,5 a 2 %	Soil low in organic matter
C/N Ration		7,17	10	Good decomposition of organic matter

 

Soil NPK content after bean cultivation

 

Soil total nitrogen content

Regarding soil nitrogen concentration, analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the various phosphate treatments used (Figure 2). As a result, the total amount of nitrogen fixed by the bean showed no significant variation in response to the application of phosphate fertilizer (AMANUEL et al., 2000). Indeed, T₀, T₂, and T₃ treatments, all showed identical nitrogen contents, each recording a value of 0.147 %. In contrast, the T₁ treatment showed a low nitrogen content of 0.127 %, representing a decrease of 13.6 % compared to the three previous treatments. It should be noted that the nitrogen content in the soil after setting up the trial was significantly higher than that present before the experiment. This increase is explained by the bean crop’s ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with “Rhizobium” bacteria present in its roots (SHUMILINA et al., 2023). Moreover, at the global level, the introduction of legumes into cropping systems represents an opportunity to reduce total industrial nitrogen production, thanks to their natural capacity to biologically fix and produce this essential element for plants (MEENA and LAL, 2018). Nevertheless, phosphorus (P) deficiency, in particular, constitutes one of the major nutritional constraints for legumes, their sensitivity to this deficiency being associated with the low availability of phosphorus in the soil as well as the increased phosphorus requirements during the symbiotic N₂ fixation process (LAZALI and BARGAZ, 2017). Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two major essential elements for crop development, however, agroecosystems frequently present situations of colimitation in these two elements (SEGHOUANI et al., 2024). Naturally, N₂-fixing plants require substantial quantities of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) to support the high energetic costs associated with nodules during symbiosis (SULIEMAN et al., 2022).

 

Figure 2 – Effect of different phosphate fertilization methods on soil total nitrogen content.

 

Soil assimilable phosphorus content

The results obtained for assimilable phosphorus content reveal some interesting nuances in the different treatments studied. Indeed, analysis of variance indicates the absence of significant differences between the various phosphate treatments in terms of assimilable phosphorus content (Figure 3). In particular, the T₀ treatment stands out with the highest P₂O₅ content, at 0.029 %. Conversely, the T₂ treatment had the lowest P₂O₅ content, at 0.015 %. For the T₁ and T₃ treatments, percentages of 0.024 % and 0.026 % in P₂O₅ were observed, respectively. This variation between treatments underlines the dependence of the assimilable phosphorus content of samples on different treatment conditions. Consequently, phosphorus deficiency constitutes a major nutritional impediment compromising legume growth and influencing crop yields, particularly under symbiotic conditions (NASR ESFAHANI et al., 2016). It is also important to note that an increase in assimilable phosphorus content was observed after harvesting, compared with pre-trial levels. This suggests that the application of phosphate fertilizer to the soil may lead to an increase in the concentration of phosphorus initially available in the soil, given that the mean values of soil available phosphorus showed an increasing trend (NEGASA and ABERA, 2019). In addition, the application of phosphorus fertilizer levels in the soil significantly increased average soil available phosphorus values after faba bean harvest (FOUDA, 2017). Furthermore, the conclusions drawn by Belouchrani et al. (2023), indicate that the application of phosphate fertilization at varying doses of P₂O₅ leads to an improvement in the microbial activity of soil microorganisms. Finally, the practical implications of the current results for agricultural practices should not be overlooked. Understanding the variability of assimilable phosphorus levels can guide farmers in optimizing phosphorus use, which seems to lead to positive results by improving photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient absorption to promote better crop nutrition (LOUDARI et al., 2022).

 

Figure 3 – Effect of different phosphate fertilization methods on soil assimilable phosphorus content.

 

Soil exchangeable potassium content

The results of the analysis of variance confirmed that the different phosphorus doses applied had no significant effect on soil K₂O concentration after harvest (Figure 4). The results indicate that exchangeable potassium content remains constant for T₀, T₁, and T₂ treatments, all with 0.006 % of K₂O. On the other hand, the T₃ Treatment shows a slight increase in K₂O content, reaching the highest percentage of 0.0066 % of K₂O. Despite this difference, the variation observed between T₀, T₁, T₂, and T₃ treatments remains minimal, suggesting that the phosphate treatment methods applied produced similar behaviors and did not lead to significant changes in soil K₂O concentration after harvest. It is relevant to emphasize that a significant decrease in exchangeable potassium concentration in the soil was observed between the pre and post-test phases. Thus, the findings of the study conducted by Tsige et al. (2022) underline the importance of balanced fertilization, including potassium. According to the assessment carried out by Berhanu (1980), the low concentration of exchangeable potassium in the soil indicates an insufficient level to support plant growth. In this case, the soil requires external application of the nutrient (GOURLEY, 1999). It is important to note that, for grain legumes, optimal potassium nutrition has a beneficial impact on atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) fixation processes (KURDALI et al., 2002).

 

Conclusion

 

Although the effect of phosphate treatments on soil N-P-K content was not statistically significant in the case of this study, certain limitations and factors that could influence the results should be taken into account. The complexity of analyzing major elements in the soil, the natural variability of the soil in the study area, environmental and seasonal factors, as well as the choice of doses and methods of application of phosphate fertilizers, are all important factors that could influence the results. To better understand the interactions between phosphate fertilization and soil N-P-K content in this specific Mitidja region, further studies may be necessary to provide more precise recommendations for optimal fertilization and improved crop production.

 

Figure 4 – Effect of different phosphate fertilization methods on soil exchangeable potassium content.

 

Interest conflicts

 

There was no conflict of interest between the authors.

 

Authors’ contribution

 

Salah HADJOUT – designed and performed the experiments and also wrote the manuscript. Mohamed ZOUIDI – performed the statistical analysis. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

 

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Received on February 29, 2024

Returned for adjustments on May 8, 2024

Received with adjustments on May 11, 2024

Accepted on May 12, 2024

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