Morphometric and ecological characterization of Atlas Pistachio stands (Pistacia atlantica desf.) in el Bayadh region (Algeria)

Agrarian Academic Journal

agrariacad.com

doi: 10.32406/v8n2/2025/38-51/agrariacad

 

Morphometric and ecological characterization of Atlas Pistachio stands (Pistacia atlantica desf.) in el Bayadh region (Algeria). Caracterização morfométrica e ecológica de povoamentos de Atlas Pistachio (Pistacia atlantica desf.) na região de El Bayadh (Argélia).

 

Bendouina Naimi¹, Guerine Lakhdar¹, Hadjadj Kouider¹

 

^1- Department of Agronomy, Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Arid and Semi-arid Zones, University Center of Naâma, Algeria. E-mails: naimi.bendouina@cuniv-naama.dz, lguerine.dz@gmail.com, hadjadj.kouider@cuniv-naama.dz

 

Abstract

 

The Atlas pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) is well adapted to arid and semi-arid regions and protected in Algeria. This research aims to determine the main morphological characteristics of the species and establish the interactions between them in the Saharan phytogeographical sector of the El Bayadh region. For this work, 12 groves were studied. For morphometric characterisation, we measured the total height, bole height, and diameter at 1.30 m of 609 trees. Ecological assessment, The ecological characterisation of the Pistacia atlantica. Stands were carried out using the sigmatist phytosociological method. A vertical stratification of the flora inventoried was carried out. The species identified were indicated by their biological type. Phytodiversity within the groves studied was assessed using the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H’) and the Pielou equitability index (E). The results show that Pistacia atlantica. Stands are characterised by a high degree of dendrometric variability. 16 species belonging to 11 families and 16 genera were identified, 31% of which are therophytes. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index H’ = 2.59 and the Pielou equitability index E = 0.55 show that these stands are characterised by average diversity.

Keywords: Atlas Pistachio. Biodiversity. Dendrometry. El Bayadh. Therophytes.

 

 

Resumo

 

O pistácio do Atlas (Pistacia atlantica Desf.), bem adaptado às regiões áridas e semi-áridas e protegido na Argélia. Esta investigação tem por objetivo determinar as principais características morfológicas das espécies e estabelecer as interacções entre elas no sector fitogeográfico saariano da região de El Bayadh. Para este trabalho, foram estudados 12 bosques. Para a caraterização morfométrica, medimos a altura total, a altura do tronco e o diâmetro a 1,30 m de 609 árvores. Avaliação ecológica, A caraterização ecológica dos povoamentos de Pistacia atlantica. foi efectuada utilizando o método fitossociológico sigmatista. Foi efectuada uma estratificação vertical da flora inventariada. As espécies identificadas foram indicadas pelo seu tipo biológico. A fitodiversidade dos bosques estudados foi avaliada através do índice de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver (H’) e do índice de equitabilidade de Pielou (E). Os resultados mostram que os povoamentos de Pistacia atlantica. são caracterizados por um elevado grau de variabilidade dendrométrica. Foram identificadas 16 espécies pertencentes a 11 famílias e 16 géneros, 31% das quais são terófitas. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver H’ = 2,59 e o índice de equitabilidade de Pielou E = 0,55 mostram que estes povoamentos são caracterizados por uma diversidade média.

Palavras-chave: Atlas Pistachio. Biodiversidade. Dendrometria. El Bayadh. Terófitos.

 

 

Introduction

 

Pistacia atlantica Desf., belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, is a woody and spontaneous species that can exceed 20 meters in height (GUERINE & HADJADJ, 2019; GUERINE et al., 2022). This species is common in both the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions and is also qualified as endemic to North Africa, where it forms tree steppes in arid and semi-arid bioclimate (BELHADJ et al., 2008; HADJADJ et al., 2024).

This tree exhibits remarkable ecological amplitude and plasticity as it is found from the heart of the Sahara to the margins of the humid bioclimate (IFTICENE-HABANI & MESSAOUDENE, 2016). The species is characterised by very slow growth but has the advantage of forming pre-forest ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions (GUERINE & HADJADJ, 2019).

The Atlas pistachio is quite common in Algeria in semi-arid regions, particularly in the High Plains, where it prospers in dayas and even in the form of isolated subjects (MONJAUZE, 1980; BELHADJ, 2002; QUÉZEL & MÉDAIL, 2003). The Atlas pistachio is included in Algeria’s uncultivated and protected plant species list. In 2017, the species was added to the IUCN Red List as a near-threatened species (RANKOU et al., 2018; BENAISSA et al., 2018).

In Algeria, several studies are being carried out on the Atlas pistachio tree in several regions. We cite an example: (CHEBOUTI-MEZIOU et al., 2011) in the M’sila region; (ZAREB et al., 2018) at the level of Laghouat, (GUERINE & HADJADJ, 2019) in the Naâma zone; (IFTICENE-HABANI et al., 2022) in the Djelfa region. However, those that evoke the morphometric and ecological characteristics in El Bayadh region, where the species occupies several dayas and large areas, are rarely addressed. This first contribution is carried out in the El Bayadh region to characterise the existing stands of Pistacia atlantica from a morphometric and ecological point of view.

Given the ecological importance and vulnerability of the Atlas pistachio, this study aims to provide accurate information on the species in its natural habitat. This will enable decision-makers to plan effective conservation measures, sustainable forest management and ecological restoration actions in line with national environmental policies.

 

Material and methods

 

1. Study zone

 

The wilaya of El Bayadh is located in the northwest of Algeria (Figure 1) and covers an area of 71.697 km², representing approximately 3% of the national territory (DJELDJELI et al., 2018). Biogeographically, this region belongs to the Mediterranean zone, the high plateaux sector, and the Saharan Atlas sector, according to the subdivisions of Quézel & Santa (1962-1963).

It is bordered in the north by the Saida and Tiaret provinces, in the east and southeast by Laghouat, Ghardaia, and Adrar, and in the west and southwest by Sidi Bel Abbes, Naâma and Bechar (BELAROUI et al., 2014). The territory of El Bayadh falls within a space delimited in longitude by 0° to 2° E and latitude by 31° to 34°N. It is divided into three geographical bands: the high steppe plains zone, the Saharan atlas zone, and the pre-Saharan zone (WAEL et al., 2009). The altitude decreases from about 1,000 m in the north, to about 500 m in the extreme south of the wilaya (BELAROUI et al., 2014).

 

Figure 1 – Geographical location of the study area.

 

The soils of the wilaya of El Bayadh are shallow and poorly developed, with a low organic matter content; generally, they are iso-humic soils (DJELAILA et al., 2022). Mineral soils are located on the mountain peaks, calcimagnetic soils occupy the plains, and allomorphic soils are found in the Chott Chergui and the Sabkhas (POUGET, 1980).

The climate is continental arid to semi-arid, with an average annual rainfall varying from 100 to 250 mm/year. It is characterised by excessively cold winter temperatures, frequent frosts and snowfall, and hot, dry summers (DELLAOUI, 2016).

 

2. Methodology

 

Subjective sampling is adopted to select the groves that best meet our research aim. For this purpose, 12 groves were chosen in the Saharan sector of the province of El Bayadh. These groves were located by their geographic coordinates (Table 1).

In each grove, dendrometric parameters were measured for all Pistacia atlantica Desf. subjects existing. This is mainly the total height, the diameter at 1.30 m, and the bole height.

In total, we characterised 609 trees. To facilitate the analysis, we grouped the studied trees based on diameter classes, height classes, and bole height classes. The diameter classes retained are Ø ≤10 cm: Perchs (PER), 10 <Ø≤ 22.5 cm: Small wood (SW), 22.5 <Ø≤ 42.5 cm: Medium wood (MW), 42.5 < Ø≤ 62.5 cm: Big wood (BW), 62.5cm: Very big wood (VBW). These diameter classes are selected (GUERINE & HADJADJ, 2019) for Atlas pistachio in the Ain Benkhelil region (Naâma), Hadjadj et al. (2019) for cork oak in the Hafir forest (Tlemcen), and Hadjadj et al. (2020) for Fraxinus dimorpha in the Ksours mountains.

 

Table 1 – Characteristics of the selected groves.

Region	Biogeographic Sector	Area	Groves	Coordinates		Number of trees
				X	Y
El-Bayadh	Saharan	Brezina	1	1°21’45.33″E	33°10’9.92″N	8
			2	1° 21’58,6” E	33°10’1,9” N	20
			3	1°37’8.19″E	33°15’37.52″N	99
		Sidi Amar	1	1°33’30.70″E	33°18’47.70″N	65
			2	1°33’40.53″E	33°18’23.95″N	78
			3	1°34’44.45″E	33°18’58.45″N	78
			4	1°32’7.04″E	33°17’54.74″N	107
		SidiTaiffour	1	1°52’3.76″E	33°24’38.70″N	36
			2	1°54’13.10″E	33°24’9.00″N	8
			3	1°46’2.08″E	33°21’33.13″N	14
			4	1°53’27.95″E	33°24’37.20″N	33
			5	1°53’16,07″E	33°24’45,81″N	63

For the height classes, we chose the following classes: Class 1:h ≤ 5m, Class 2: 5 <h≤ 10 m, Class 3:10 <h≤ 15 m, Class 4:15 <h≤ 20 m.  Finally, the selected bole height classes are Class 1: hbole ≤ 1.50 m, Class 2: 1.50 <hbole≤ 3 m, Class 3:hbole>3m. Hadjadj et al. (2024) adopted these height and bole height classes for the same species in the Djelfa region.

The ecological characterisation of Pistacia atlantica Desf. Stands were carried out according to the principles of the sigmatist phytosociological method (KAABÈCHE et al., 2010). The species were identified according to Quézel & Santa (1962-1963), Maire (1952-1987) and Ozenda (2004). The nomenclature has been updated according to the Synonymous and Bibliographic Index of North African Flora (DOBIGNARD & CHATELAIN, 2010-2013).

A vertical stratification of the inventoried flora was carried out. The different strata used in this methodological proposal are those described by (DELASSUS, 2015):

• Arboreal stratum: made up of trees whose height is generally > 7 m;
• Upper shrub stratum: consisting of tall shrubs or young trees with heights between 3 and 7 m;
• Low shrub stratum: consisting of low shrubs or young trees between 1 and 3 m high;
• Herbaceous stratum: made up of herbaceous species and champhytes; young seedlings of woody species, generally less than 1 m tall.

According to Raunkiaer (1934), the identified species were identified by their biological type. The phytodiversity within the groves studied is evaluated by the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H’), which varies between 0 and 5 bits per individual (GRALL & COIC, 2006; ZAMORA-CRESCENCIO et al., 2015).

Pielou’s equitability index (E) is also calculated; it tells us about the distribution of individuals within species, independently of species richness (GRALL & COIC, 2006).

 

Results and discussion

 

The morphometric characterisation of trees and forest stands plays a crucial role in managing and preserving forest resources (RONDEUX, 1978). Measuring dendrometric parameters makes characterising populations and monitoring their evolution possible (GAUDIN, 2005; RONDEUX, 2021). The structure of a stand is defined by the arrangement of these dendrometric variables and represented by the distribution of trees according to diameter and/or height classes. In a regular stand, the distribution of trees follows an unimodal law, while in an irregular stand, the distribution of trees takes the form of an exponential curve (PARDE & BOUCHON, 1988).

 

1. Diametric structure

 

The analysis of the distribution of diameters by class (Figure 2) shows a clear dominance of the very big wood (VBW) class with 45.98%. The big wood (BW) and medium wood (MW) diameter classes represent 17.09 and 17.73% respectively. These three diameter classes combine a rate of 80.80% of all the dayas (depression) studied. The small wood (SW) and perches (PER) classes represent only 15.43% and 3.77%. These two classes are poorly represented compared to the other classes. This pure stand of Atlas pistachio is characterised by an irregular structure dominated by a single-diameter class (very big wood).

 

Figure 2 – Diametric structure of Pistacia atlantica in the El Bayadh region.

 

This structure of Atlas pistachio tree stands is observed throughout the entire range of the species in Algeria. Hadjadj et al. (2024) note that Pistacia atlantica. In Masaaâd region (Djelfa) pure stands are dominated by very big wood (and big wood. This observation is confirmed by Yahia (2011), who indicates that 78.50% of the population of Pistacia atlantica Desf. Very old trees dominate the M’sila region. In the Naâma region was found that very big wood dominates the Atlas pistachio stands in the Ain Ben Khelil region (GUERINE & HADJADJ, 2019).

In this same context, by convention, subjects whose diameter is less than or equal to 10 cm are considered as natural regeneration (HADJADJ et al., 2022). We record a natural regeneration rate of 3.77%. This very weak regeneration only takes place inside the jujube tree (Figure 3). According to Monjauze (1980), the seeds scattered by the wind in the clumps of Jujube (Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam) find a favorable habitat to germinate (nurse effect). The ground where the Jujube leaves fall would become acidic, facilitating the germination of Pistacia atlantica (GUERINE & HADJADJ, 2019).

 

Figure 3 – Natural regeneration of Atlas pistachio inside jujube (a: Pistacia atlantica Desf. b: Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam).

 

This association, which allows the regeneration and development of young shoots of the Atlas pistachio tree, is observed in several regions where the species is distributed (GUELMANI & MEDDOUR, 2023; HADJADJ et al., 2024).

 

2. Vertical structure

 

The total height of Pistacia atlantica varies from 1.70 m to 18 m. The average value for all the groves studied is 8.33 m. The distribution of trees by height class shows the predominance of trees belonging to the class [10-15 m] with 40.89%. The class [5-10 m] represents 33.17%. Trees in class [0-5 m] accumulate a rate of 13.30%. Finally, the class [15-20 m] only represents 12.64% of the whole (Figure 4).

 

Figure 4 – Vertical structure of Pistacia atlantica Desf. in the El Bayadh region.

 

The Atlas pistachio tree is characterised by a heterogeneous structure in its distribution area in Algeria. Indeed, in the Djelfa region, the average height the tree reaches is 10.10 m (IFTICENE-HABANI & MESSAOUDENE, 2016; HADJADJ et al., 2024). In the M’sila region, the species has an average height of 6.1 m. In Bechar, the Atlas pistachio tree can have an average height that varies between 7.5 and 8.7 m (IFTICENE-HABANI & MESSAOUDENE, 2016). This heterogeneity can be explained by the protection status of the groves (protected or grazed), the distance of the groves from urban and rural areas, and the fertility of the stations.

 

3. Height of the boles

 

Through Figure 5, we see the dominance of the heights of the boles belonging to the second and third classes, with 47.62% and 44.33%, respectively. This result indicates that the heights of the boles of Pistacia atlantica Desf. Generally varying from 1 to 3 m. This remark is noted by Hadjadj et al. (2024) in Djelfa.

The calculation of the crown height (total height – bole height) shows that this dendrometric variable varies from 1.20 m to 15.15 m with an average of 7.79 m. The crown height represents more than 50% of the total height of the 597 trees sampled (98.03%). This means that competition between Pistacia atlantica Desf. is low, which reflects the trees’ good growth. Logically, low competition results in a long, productive crown and strong radial growth.

 

Figure 5 – Distribution of Pistacia atlantica boles heights by class (m) in the El Bayadh region.

 

4. Correlation between measured dendrometric variables

 

Correlation is a statistical measure expressing the linear relationship between two variables. It characterises the existence or absence of a relationship between two quantitative variables taken from the same group of subjects.

The correlation coefficient varies between 0 and 1. A negative correlation means that when one of the variables increases, the other decreases, while a positive correlation indicates that the two variables vary together in the same direction.

In our case, we will study the correlations between the total height and the diameter at 1.30 m, the total height and the height of the boles, the total height and the height of the crown, the diameter at 1.30 m and the height of the crown and the diameter at 1.30 m and the height of the boles.

 

Figure 6 – Correlation between the dendrometric parameters of Pistacia atlantica Desf.

 

Through the results obtained, we record positive correlations between the total height and the diameter at 1.30 m (R² = 0.612), the total height and the height of the crown (R² = 0.982), diameter at 1.30 m and the height of the crown (R² = 0.612). A strong correlation is expressed between the total height and the height of the crown, which shows that the stands studied develop in a normal state where the height of the crown represents more than 3/4 of the total height. These positive correlations between dendrometric variables are observed by Ifticene-Habani et al. (2022) and Hadjadj et al. (2024) for the same species in the Djelfa region.

On the other hand, there is little correlation between the total height and the height of the boles (R² = 0.241), the diameter at 1.30 m, and the height of the boles (R² = 0.129).

 

5. Floristic diversity and vegetation strata

 

16 species belonging to 16 genera and 11 botanical families have been identified in the studied groves. The most represented families are: Poaceae (4 species, 25%), Asteraceae and Amaranthaceae (2 species, 12.5%) (Figure 7). The other families are represented by only one species (6.25%). The anarchic and irrational grazing is the main cause of this low richness of the studied groves. However, the Atlas pistachio tree is one of Algeria’s uncultivated and protected species by executive decree number 12-03 of January 4, 2012 (HADJADJ et al., 2022). We note the presence of certain indicator species of environmental degradation, such as Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf., Peganum harmala L, Atractylis serratuloides Sieber ex Cass.

The dominance of species of the Poaceae families in arid and semi-arid Mediterranean zones is reported (OZENDA, 2004; KAZI-TANI et al., 2010; GUERINE & HADJADJ, 2019; HADJADJ et al., 2020; HADJADJ et al., 2021; GUERINE et al., 2022).

 

Figure 7 – The richness of botanical families in species (%).

 

The identified species are divided into the following strata:

• Tree strata: Pistacia atlantica
• Shrub strata: Pistacia atlantica, Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam
• Herb strata: Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin, Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf., Atractylis serratuloidesSieber ex Cass, Launaea nudicaulis f., Muricaria prostrata(Desf.) Desv., Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut., Medicago laciniata (L.), Malva parviflora L, Plantago albicans L, Hordeum murinum L, Lygeum spartum L, Schimus barbatus (L.) Thell, Stipa parviflora Desf., Peganum harmala L.

 

6. Biological types

 

The diagram of the biological forms of the identified species is (Figure 8): Therophytes > Chamephytes > Hemicryptophytes > Phanerophytes > Geophytes. Therophytes dominate compared to other forms of life at a rate of 31%, followed by chamephytes and hemicryptophytes at 25%. Finally, phanerophytes and geophytes recorded 13% and 6%, respectively.

This dominance of therophytes tells us about the extent of anthropogenic pressure and climatic xericity that the region is experiencing (OZENDA, 2004; AMGHAR & KADI-HANIFI, 2008;  GHAFOUL et al., 2019). This disturbance is caused by anthropogenic pressure on populations of Pistacia atlantica Desf. can be evaluated through the disturbance index (PI) of Loisel and Gamila (1993), which is expressed by the following formula: PI = Number of Chamephytes + Number of Therophytes / Total number of species. PI = 56.25%, which reflects a significant disturbance in the studied stands.

 

Figure 8 – Biological types in the study region.

 

7. Shannon biodiversity index and Piélou equitability index

 

The calculation of the Shannon biodiversity index (Table 2) gave us a value of H’ = 2.59, showing average biodiversity in our study area.

The calculation gave the Pielou equitability index a value of E = 0.55, showing average equity in species distribution.

 

Table 2 – Shannon Biodiversity Index

Species	Presence	Pi	Log Pi	Pi*Log Pi
Atractylis serratuloides Sieber ex Cass	1	0,01	-4,66	-0,04
Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut	2	0,02	-3,97	-0,07
Haloxylon scoparium Pomel	6	0,06	-2,87	-0,16
Hordeum murinum L.	8	0,08	-2,58	-0,20
Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f.	7	0,07	-2,72	-0,18
Lygeum spartum L.	1	0,01	-4,66	-0,04
Malva parviflora L.	7	0,07	-2,72	-0,18
Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill.	7	0,07	-2,72	-0,18
Muricaria prostrata (Desf.) Desv.	7	0,07	-2,72	-0,18
Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.	1	0,01	-4,66	-0,04
Peganum harmala L.	6	0,06	-2,87	-0,16
Pistacia atlantica Desf.	13	0,12	-2,10	-0,26
Plantago albicans L.	9	0,08	-2,47	-0,21
Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell	9	0,08	-2,47	-0,21
Achnatherum parviflorum (Desf.) M.Nobis	9	0,08	-2,47	-0,21
Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam.	13	0,12	-2,10	-0,26
Total	106	H’		2,59

 

Conclusion

 

The Atlas pistachio tree (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) is a protected species in Algeria and is recommended for the rehabilitation of land in arid and semi-arid zones as part of the Green Dam rehabilitation and extension programme. This endemic species, characterised by its ecological resilience and resistance to drought, is considered characteristic of Algeria’s arid and semi-arid zones. Therefore, understanding its ecological and structural dynamics is essential for the sustainable management and conservation of these stands.

This first paper, which deals with the morphometric and ecological characterisation of Pistacia atlantica Desf. in the El Bayadh region, shows that these stands are characterised by significant variability in dendrometric parameters (height, diameter, bole height, and crown height), indicating strong heterogeneity within the populations studied. However, natural regeneration was low in all the sites studied; it was only observed within clumps of Ziziphus lotus (L.), suggesting the need for targeted conservation measures. Regarding phytodiversity, only 16 species belonging to 11 families and 16 genera were identified. This moderate level of diversity is reflected in the Shannon diversity index (H’ = 2.59) and the Pielou regularity index (E = 0.55).

These results provide essential baseline data for future conservation and rehabilitation efforts, highlighting the importance of implementing adaptive management strategies to ensure the sustainability of Pistacia atlantica populations.

 

Interest conflicts

 

There was no conflict of interest between the authors.

 

Authors’ contributions

 

All authors contributed equally to this work.

 

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Received on March 25, 2024

Returned for adjustments on January 30, 2025

Received with adjustments on January 31, 2025

Accepted on March 17, 2025

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