Adaptation trial of sunflower oleic varieties under natural conditions of Algeria

Agrarian Academic Journal

agrariacad.com

doi: 10.32406/v7n2/2024/29-38/agrariacad

 

Adaptation trial of sunflower oleic varieties under natural conditions of Algeria. Ensaio de adaptação de variedades oleicas de girassol em condições naturais da Argélia.

 

Hicham Berrabah¹, Benchohra Maamar², Belgacem Nouar³, Lahouel Habiba⁴, Hocine Fadlallah Rabah⁵

 

^1- University Center of Mila. Algeria. E-mail: hichember55@gmail.com

^2- University of Tiaret. Algeria. E-mail: benchohra_19@hotmail.fr

^3- University of Tlemcen. Algeria. E-mail: nouar.belkacem@hotmail.fr

^4- University of Tiaret. Algeria. E-mail: habibaagro@yahoo.fr

^5- University of Tissemsilt. Algeria. E-mail: rabah.fadlallah@gmail.com

 

Abstract

 

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world, however it is almost non-existent in Algeria. One of the major problems of this crop is the summer drought which coincides with the end of the cycle and penalizes the yield of seeds and oil. Our work aims to study the adaptation and productivity of sunflowers under natural conditions in Algeria. An evaluation of the agronomic behavior of sunflower varieties was carried out in a natural environment in Tiaret where it revealed a highly significant difference between these varieties for the height of the plant and the diameter of the flower head, a very highly significant difference for the number of leaves. per plant, flower head weight, number of seeds per plant and seed yield per plant. In addition, the highest yield is obtained from the Extrasol variety with a value of 41.66g.

Keywords: Helianthus annuus L. Adaptation. Productivity. Water deficit. Tiaret.

 

 

Resumo

 

O girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) é uma das oleaginosas mais importantes do mundo, porém é quase inexistente na Argélia. Um dos grandes problemas desta cultura é a seca estival que coincide com o fim do ciclo e penaliza o rendimento de sementes e óleo. Nosso trabalho visa estudar a adaptação e produtividade dos girassóis em condições naturais na Argélia. Uma avaliação do comportamento agronómico das variedades de girassol foi realizada em ambiente natural em Tiaret onde revelou uma diferença altamente significativa entre estas variedades para a altura da planta e o diâmetro da cabeça da flor, uma diferença muito significativa para o número de folhas. por planta, peso da flor, número de sementes por planta e rendimento de sementes por planta. Além disso, o maior rendimento é obtido na variedade Extrasol com valor de 41,66g.

Palavras-chave: Helianthus annuus L. Adaptação. Produtividade. Déficit hídrico. Tiaret.

 

 

Introduction

 

Sunflower cultivation with a global production hovering around 47 million tonnes, a global yield of 18q/ha and a global cultivated area of 26 million hectares is one of the most important annual oilseed crops in the world with the cotton, rapeseed, soya and peanut (FAO, 2018). The main sunflower producing countries are according to FAO (2018); Ukraine with 12.23 million tons, Russia with 10.48 million tons, the European Union with 10.29 million tons and Argentina with 3.5 million tons.

This crop is part of a sustainable agriculture policy while presenting numerous agronomic, technological and environmental advantages; it is a rustic plant with low water and input requirements (AYERDI GOTOR, 2008), simple, flexible and adaptable to a wide range of pedoclimatic situations and cropping systems, leaving the soil in a favorable state for crops following (LECOMTE and NOLOT, 2011) which contributes to the balance of rotations and promotes biodiversity (AYERDI GOTOR, 2008). The sunflower is characterized by appreciable productivity and good quality of raw material. These aspects are influenced by genotype, environment, and agronomic factors.

On the other hand, sunflower presents numerous outlets, whether in the food or non-food sector. In the food sector, the sunflower is first cultivated for its seeds which represent one of the most important sources of edible oils in the world with an oil content of around 45%. Sunflower oil enjoys a good image due to its pale color, wide diversity of fatty acid composition, neutral flavor, strong resistance to oxidation and high smoke point (EBRAHIMI, 2008). Thus its richness in minor compounds, notably tocopherols and phytosterols, provides additional nutritional benefit with beneficial effects on health (AYERDI GOTOR, 2008).

In the non-food sector, sunflower oil can be used in the manufacture of lubricants, paints, biosolvents and cosmetic or pharmaceutical products (ROCHE, 2005). It can therefore be used directly as a biofuel in diesel engines or after esterification into methyl ester. Finally, residual cakes from oil extraction are used as livestock feed or as biomaterials (AYERDI GOTOR, 2008).

In Algeria, the production of oilseeds has never been significant due to climatic conditions and the preference given to the production of cereals with fallowing. As a result, rapeseed, peanuts, and sunflowers, which are the only oilseeds cultivated, have remained limited to a few thousand tonnes for decades. However, sunflower, which peaked in production at 1800 tonnes in the mid-1970s, has currently disappeared (RASTOIN and BENABDERRAZIK, 2014). On the other hand, according to Hachemi (2007) after cereals and milk, edible oils constitute the third food consumed in Algeria, of which sunflower oil is appreciated by the Algerian consumer with a value of approximately 1.98 kg /person/year (NOURI, 2011; FAO, 2013). This imbalance between local production and oil consumption is resolved by importing sunflower seeds and oil with constantly increasing bills.

Faced with this situation, it is imperative to revive oilseed crops in Algeria, including sunflower, which is a plant with guaranteed national outlets which must benefit from great attention. The first tests on the possibilities of cultivating oilseeds in Algeria were carried out in 1954 at the seed testing and plant improvement station in El-Harrach where the following crops were successfully tested: sunflower, soy, rapeseed, safflower, peanut, cotton, castor and flax (TEMAGOULT, 2009).

Sunflower is a spring crop grown in rainfed conditions, however the major constraint in North Africa is the water deficit at the end of the cycle which greatly penalizes yield. This water deficit affects cellular turgor and also induces stomatal closure, which limits gas exchange, mainly the assimilation of atmospheric carbon, as it reduces transpiration. Thus, it has negative effects on mineral nutrition including the absorption and transport of nutrients. These effects can penalize growth and photosynthesis, the main physiological functions involved in the development of yield  (LISAR et al., 2012; MAURY et al., 2011).

In this context, our work aims to study the possibility of the rehabilitation of sunflower culture in Algeria through the study of the adaptation and productivity of this plant under natural conditions characterized by water deficit which is probably the factor limiting the most important crop yields throughout the world and in Algeria.

 

Materials and methods

 

An open field experiment was carried out in the Tiaret region during 2016 in order to study the adaptation of sunflower cultivation to the region’s pedoclimatic conditions through the evaluation of the agronomic behavior of a group of oleic varieties of sunflower.

 

1. Plant material

 

Five varieties of oleic sunflower were used in our trial, four of which were developed by the company Syngenta France (NK Ferti, Nutrasol, Extrasol, Aurasol) and one local variety (Table 1).

 

Table 1 – Characteristics of the plant material used in the experiment in a controlled environment.

Variety	Genetic type	Precocity	Productivity	Oil richness	Phomopsis resistance	Size	WTS	NSP
Nutrasol	oleic hybrid	semi early, semi late	efficient, regular productive	very rich	GST	average	pupil	pupil
NK Ferti	oleic hybrid	semi early	very productive	very rich	GST	average	average	very high
Extrasol	oleic hybrid	early	high grain yield potential	excellent oil yield	P.S.	short	pupil	pupil
Aurasol	oleic hybrid	early	productive	average		average	pupil	pupil

VLS: very little sensitive, LS: little sensitive, WTS: weight of a thousand seeds, NSP: number of seeds per plant.

 

2. Tiaret climate data

 

Climatic data were taken during the year 2016. Four parameters were retained: rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and relative humidity.

 

3. Experimental device and cultural management

 

The varietal trial was carried out in two randomized blocks with three repetitions, each repetition includes all the varieties and each variety is represented by an elementary plot of three lines 4.6m long. The spacing between rows is 45cm and the distance between plants on the row is 25cm. The two devices are separated by a distance of 5m (Graphic 1).

 

Graphic 1 – Device of the varietal test.

	WR1	WR2
R1	V1	V1
	V2	V2
	V3	V3
	V4	V4
	V5	V5
R2	V5	V5
	V1	V1
	V4	V4
	V2	V2
	V3	V3
R3	V1	V1
	V2	V2
	V3	V3
	V5	V5
	V4	V4

V1: Nutrasol, V2: NK Ferti, V3: Local, V4: Extrasol, V5: Aurasol.

 

3.1. Tillage and previous cultivation

 

The soil was worked by autumn plowing and using a train tool one week before sowing. The previous crop was fallow.

 

3.2. Sowing and weeding 

 

Sowing was carried out at the end of May at 3-4 cm depth in well-warmed soil. To avoid competition with parasitic plants, manual weeding was carried out post-emergence.

 

3.3. Irrigation

 

Irrigation was carried out according to Haddadi (2010) where all plants were irrigated regularly at field capacity from sowing until physiological maturity once a week.

 

4. Morphological parameters

 

Sanou (2004) noted that to characterize the water deficit, the agronomic approach is based on the quantification of its final effects on the plant. This approach consists of measuring growth and productivity parameters of a group of genotypes taking a non-limiting favorable situation as a reference.

According to Andrade et al. (2013), the analysis of morphological characters is useful for the study of plant adaptation to environmental stresses such as water deficit.

All the morphological parameters were measured at the end of flowering stage. Four parameters were retained which are:

a- The number of leaves: has been counted.

b- The height of the plant “cm”: measured using a yardage from the bottom of the ground to the flower head including the peduncle.

c- The diameter of the rod “mm”: measured using a caliper.

d- The flower head diameter “cm”: measured using a measuring tape.

 

5. Production parameters

 

All production parameters were estimated at harvest, they mainly concern:

a- The weight of the flower head “g”: It is obtained by direct weighing on the precision balance.

b- The number of seeds per flower head: It is obtained by direct counting.

c- The weight of a thousand seeds “g”: It is obtained by direct weighing on the precision balance.

d- Seed yield per plant “g/plant”: the yield is obtained from the two components, the number of seeds per flower head and the individual weight of a seed by the following formula:

 

Plant seed yield=number of seeds per flower head*weight of a seed

 

6. Statistical analysis

 

A descriptive analysis and a two-way ANOVA analysis of variance were carried out by the statistical software SPSS version 16 to determine the significance threshold of the effect of water regime, variety, and interaction of these two factors on the morphological parameters, yield and its components of a set of sunflower varieties studied in natural conditions. On the other hand, the correlation coefficients between the different parameters were thus calculated.

The effect of variety, block and variety*block interaction on the morphological parameters, yield and its components of all the varieties evaluated in the natural conditions was also studied through a two-way ANOVA analysis of variance. factors and a descriptive analysis by the same software.

 

Results and discussion

 

1. Soil analysis

 

The results obtained show that the soil at the experiment site is moderately basic, not salty, moderately calcareous, moderately rich in organic matter with a clay-loamy texture (Table 2).

 

Table 2 – Physico-chemical characteristics of the soil from the varietal test.

pH	EC (µs)	M O %	Total limestone %	Granulometry
8.46	180	3.32	12.08	Clay-loamy

 

 

2. Tiaret climate data

 

During the year 2016, the minimum and maximum temperatures have the respective average values of 8.61°c and 23.06°c. The relative humidity and precipitation are 62.23% and 334 mm, respectively.

During the trial, the rainfall recorded from May to September was 72.12 mm. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during the same period were 31.4 and 14.08°C respectively (Table 3).

 

Table 3 – Tiaret monthly average climate data for the year 2016.

Month	T MAX	T MIN	H	PP
January	15.3	2.5	68.2	18.03
February	14.4	3.6	75.7	49.53
March	14.2	2.4	75.4	94.75
April	20.5	5.8	69.3	31.24
May	25.2	9	59.6	44.97
June	31	13.1	47.1	18
July	36.5	18	41.6	1.53
August	35.1	16.7	44.9	0.25
September	29.5	13.6	54.3	7.37
October	26.7	10.9	54.1	4.32
November	15.9	5.2	71.9	37.85
December	12.5	2.6	84.7	26.15

Source: TuTiempo.net

 

3. Study of morphological parameters, yield and its two components

 

The analysis of variance results summarized in Table 4 show that the difference between varieties is highly significant for plant height and flower head diameter while it is very highly significant for the number of leaves per plant, flower head weight, number of seeds per plant and seed yield. Thus, they show that the difference between the varieties is not significant for the diameter of the stem and the weight of 1000 seeds.

Furthermore, according to the results presented in Table 4, the difference between the two blocks is not significant, however the difference between the block*variety interactions is significant for the number of leaves per plant and seed yield.

 

Table 4 – Two-way analysis of variance of the effect of variety, block and their interaction on morphological parameters, yield and its two components of sunflower.

S V	NLP	HP	SD	FHD	FHW	NSP	WTS	SYP
Variety	11,781***	5,011**	0.2	3,290**	7,665***	6,218***	1,655	7,223***
Block	1,798	0.149	0.016	1,517	3,219	2.75	0.064	1.22
Block*Variety	2,444*	1,108	1,228	1,629	1,114	1,771	1,792	3,077*

SV: source of variation, NLP: number of leaves per plant, HP: plant height, SD: stem diameter, FHD: flower head diameter, FHW: flower head weight, NSP: number of seeds per plant, WTS: weight of 1000seeds, SYP: seed yield per plant, *: significant, **: highly significant, ***: very highly significant.

 

Hybrids are preferred by sunflower growers in many countries around the world due to their high yields, uniformity and quality (KAYA and ATAKISI, 2004). The success of sunflower cultivation in a given region is conditioned by the right choice of hybrid which is made according to their adaptability to various natural conditions (CRNOBARAC et al., 1997).

The highest number of leaves per plant is obtained in variety 3 with a value of (34) while the lowest is obtained in variety 2 with a value of (27) (Table 5). Canavar et al. (2010) reported that the number of leaves per plant in sunflower varies between varieties between 18 and 23.

 

Table 5 – Averages of morphological characters, yield and its two components of sunflower varieties evaluated in a natural environment.

Block	Variety	NLP	HP	SD	FHD	FHW	NSP	WTS	SYP
Block 1	V1	32	121.83	18.02	11.67	35.83	600.83	30.4	18.25
	V2	27	135.83	17.56	13.17	50.83	770.67	42.7	29.21
	V3	32	124.50	16.50	12.17	37.00	477.67	37.5	17.98
	V4	29	117.17	16.02	12.33	61.83	1011.00	41.0	41.66
	V5	33	132.00	17.74	10.67	41.17	715.17	39.9	28.77
Block 2	V1	33	119.17	17.17	10.70	28.00	538.33	34.9	18.75
	V2	28	136.83	16.34	11.33	41.33	651.00	31.5	19.95
	V3	34	132.67	18.76	11.83	44.67	638.25	50.4	30.24
	V4	32	123.17	17.85	12.83	53.00	785.17	41.2	33.55
	V5	30	124.67	16.17	11.17	31.00	548.00	37.2	20.43

SV: source of variation, NLP: number of leaves per plant, HP: plant height, SD: stem diameter, FHD: flower head diameter, FHW: flower head weight, NSP: number of seeds per plant, WTS: weight of 1000seeds, SYP: seed yield per plant, V1: Nutrasol, V2: NK Ferti, V3: Locale, V4: Extrasol, V5: Aurasol.

 

The height of the plant of all the varieties evaluated in the open field is significantly different, it varies around an average value of (126.78) cm. This variation is between a minimum value of (117.17) cm recorded in variety 4 and a maximum value of (136.83) cm recorded in variety 2 (Table 5). This difference between varieties can be attributed to the genetic potential of the hybrids.

Canavar et al. (2010) reported that the plant height of ten sunflower hybrids is significantly different where it varies between (88.2) cm and (121.2) cm. Laureti et al. (2007) mentioned that the height of the sunflower plant differs from one variety to another between (152) and (173) cm. Kaya and Atakisi (2004) noted that sunflower plant height varies depending on the variety between ( 98.3) cm and (134.3) cm. So Wey and Ibrahima (2007) reported that the genotypic effect is significant for sunflower plant height which changes between (98) and (128) cm.

The flower head diameter of all the varieties studied varies considerably around an average value of (11.78) cm. This variation is between a minimum value of (10.67) cm recorded in variety 5 and a maximum value of (13.17) cm recorded in variety 2 (Table 4). Canavar et al. (2010) reported that analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference between the sunflower varieties studied for flower head diameter. The same result is acquired by (KAYA and ATAKISI, 2004) where the flower head diameter of the sunflower plant varies depending on the genotypes from (12.6) cm to (14.0) cm. According to Ahmad et al. (2017), the flower head diameter is significantly affected by the different sunflower hybrids where it varies between (16) and (21) cm. According to Wey and Ibrahima (2007), the flower head diameter is relatively different depending on the variety where it oscillates between (10) cm and (15) cm.

The weight of the flower head of the varieties installed in the natural environment of Tiaret fluctuates widely around an average value of (42.46) g. This variation changes between a minimum value of (28.00) g recorded in variety 1 and a maximum value of (61.83) g recorded in variety 4 (Table 5).

According to Ion et al. (2015) seed yield and its components are specific to each sunflower hybrid but they can be influenced by different growth factors. Flagella et al. (2002) showed that sunflower yield depends on climatic conditions during the growing season and the genetic potential of the cultivated hybrid. In this context, we noticed a decline in annual precipitation in the year of the experiment (2016) and the year (2023) ranging from 334mm to 240mm, respectively. For the Tiaret region, Nouar (2020) confirmed that the local climate of Tiaret tends towards an aridity moving from the subhumid bioclimatic stage of the year (1918-1938) to the semi-arid bioclimatic stage for the last decade.

In our experiment, the seed yield per plant is significantly different among all the varieties studied where it varies around an average value of (25.87) g/plant. This variation changes between a minimum average value of (17.98) g/plant produced by variety 3 and a maximum average value of (41.66) g/plant produced by variety 4 (Table 5). In the same context, Canavar et al. (2010) reported that the difference between sunflower varieties is highly significant for seed yield which ranged from (54.67) g to (76.6) g. The same result is found by (AHMAD et al., 2017; ZHELJAZKOV et al., 2008) where significant differences were observed between hybrids for seed yield. So, Miralles et al. (1997) reported that seed yield is different across varieties. In contrast, Laureti et al. (2007) and Wey and Ibrahima (2007) reported in their research that the different sunflower hybrids studied gave similar seed yields.

The number of seeds per plant of all the sunflower varieties evaluated varies from (477.67 to 1011.00) in the two varieties 3 and 4 respectively (Table 5). According to Ahmad et al. (2017), the number of seeds per flower head varies depending on the varieties from (917 to 1054).

On the other hand, the weight of 1000 seeds obtained in the sunflower varieties varied between ( 30.4) g in variety 1 and (50.4) g in variety 3 (Table 5). Laureti et al. (2007) indicated in their research that the weight of 1000 seeds are similar for all varieties. However, Canavar et al. (2010) mentioned that the difference between sunflower varieties is highly significant for the weight of 1000 seeds which ranged from (53.40) g to (82.88) g. The same result is mentioned by (KAYA and ATAKISI, 2004; MIRALLES et al., 1997) where the weight of 1000 seeds varies depending on the hybrids cultivated.

 

Conclusion

 

The study of agronomic behavior of sunflower varieties carried out in a natural condition in Tiaret revealed a highly significant difference between the varieties evaluated for plant height and flower head diameter, a very highly significant difference for the number of leaves per plant, flower head weight, number of seeds per plant and seed yield per plant. In addition, the highest yield is obtained from the Extrasol variety with a value of 41.66g.

Finally, we can say that despite the fact that the sunflower appears to be influenced by the water deficit which characterizes the natural conditions of Algeria during our experience; it showed great agronomic potential. It must therefore absolutely benefit from great attention; it is a question of relaunching it in Algeria and that this relaunch must be accompanied by research and improvement programs taking into consideration local environmental conditions such as climatic variations.

 

Interest conflicts

 

There was no conflict of interest of the authors.

 

Authors’ contribution

 

Hichem Berrabah and Habiba Lahouel – original idea, reading and interpretation of works and writing; Maamar Benchohra and Nouar Belgacem – writing and corrections; Hocine Fadlallah Rabah – guidance, corrections and revision of the text.

 

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Received on January 28, 2024

Returned for adjustments on April 9, 2024

Received with adjustments on April 20, 2024

Accepted on April 26, 2024

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